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　　第五节 养成分析句子结构的习惯

　　学会了前一章所提的基本句子结构和语法知识后，我开始在阅读文章时培养自己分析句子结构的习惯，我通常会选一篇中级难度的英语文章，练习分析句子结构。请参看下列文章及我做句子结构分析的实例：

　　Helen Keller

　　Helen Keller was born a healthy, normal child in Alabama in 1880. However, an illness accompanied by a high fever struck her while she was still an infant, leaving her deaf, blind, and unable to speak. For little Helen, the world was suddenly a dark and frightening place. She reacted by becoming wild and stubborn.

　　Several years later, a miracle came into Helen's life when Ann Sullivan, a strong and caring lady, became Helen's teacher. Miss Sullivan was a loving and patient teacher, whose devotedness finally changed a near-savage child into a responsible human being. Through her help, Helen Keller learned to communicate with those around her and embrace the world that she had once hated so much. People respected her and benefited a lot from her unique insight and courage. Miss Keller died in 1968, but her spirit lives on.

　　1．Helen Keller （主语）was borna healthy, normal child（名词词组（做主语补语））in Alabama （地点副词短语）in 1880 （时间副词短语）.

　　（海伦·凯勒于1880年在亚拉巴马州出生，那时是个健康又正常的孩子。）

　　本句原为：

　　Helen Keller was born was a healthy and normal child in Alabama in 1880.（×）

　　理由：

　　（1）上句动词was born与后面的动词was a healthy and normal child无连词连接，且原句想表示的意思是“生下来就是个健康又正常的孩子”，所以第二个was前不用并列连词and连接，因此应变成现在分词being，再予以省略。

　　（2）a healthy, normal child原为a healthy and normal child，并列连词and可省略，改用逗号代替，使两个形容词的关系更密切。

　　同理，也可将a competent and energetic young man改成：

　　a competent, energetic young man（一个能干又充满活力的年轻人）

　　2．However, an illness accompanied by a high fever struck her while she was still an infant, leaving her deaf, blind, and unable to speak.

　　（然而，当她还是个婴儿时，一场由高烧伴随而来的病袭击了她，让她变聋、变瞎、变哑。）

　　本句原为：

　　However, an illness （主语）which was accompanied by a high fever（关系代名词which引导的形容词从句，修饰an illness）struck （完全及物动词）her （宾语）, and（并列连词，连接struck及left）left （不完全及物动词，译成“使……变成”）her（代词，做left的宾语）deaf, blind, and unable （三个形容词以and连接，均做宾语her的补语）to speak （不定式短语，作副词用，修饰unable）.

　　注意：

　　（1）an illness后有限定性定语从句which was accompanied by a high fever struck her and left her deaf, blind, and unable to speak（关系代词which前没有逗号），此时可将该从句化简为分词短语，即删除which，后面的动词was变成现在分词being，being可省略，即：

　　However, an illness accompanied by a high fever struck her...

　　（2）and left her... 中的and是并列连词，连接完全及物动词struck（打击）及表“使……变成”的不完全及物动词left。因为struck及left所表示的动作同时发生，所以可省略连词and并将第二个动词left变成现在分词leaving，即：

　　... an illness accompanied by a high fever struck her, leavingher deaf ...

　　（3）leaving是现在分词，由不完全及物动词leave转变而成，此时的leave表“使……变成”，用于下列结构：

　　leave sb + adj. /可用作形容词的现在分词（主动）、过去分词（被动），如下例：

　　The flood left many peoplehomeless.（形容词）

　　（洪水使许多人无家可归。）

　　Don'tleave the baby crying.（作形容词用的现在分词（主动））

　　（别让小宝宝一直哭着。）

　　The lazy studentlefthis homeworkundone （作形容词用的过去分词（被动，即工作被做完））.

　　（这个懒惰的学生任由他的功课一字都不写。）

　　原作者就是用了基本语法知识写出了下列正确的句子：

　　However, an illness which was accompanied by a high fever struck her while she was still an infant, leaving her deaf, blind, and unable to speak.

　　3．For little Helen ,（介词词组（置句首做副词，修饰主要从句））the world was suddenly a dark and frightening place.（主要从句）

　　（对小海伦而言，这个世界突然间成了一个既黑暗又可怕的地方。）

　　注意：

　　本句中的a dark and frightening place可改成a dark, frightening place。

　　4．She （主语）reacted （完全不及物动词）by becoming wild and stubborn.（介词短语（视为副词，修饰reacted））

　　（她变得狂野又固执，借着这样的态度来回应。）

　　注意：

　　介词短语by becoming wild and stubborn不可省略并列连词and而用逗号代替，即不可写成by becoming wild, stubborn。但如果这个短语尾部有名词时，即by becoming a wild and stubborn girl，此时可省略并列连词and，改成by becoming a wild, stubborn girl。

　　5．Several years later, a miracle came into Helen's life when Ann Sullivan, a strong and caring lady, became Helen's teacher.

　　（几年后，当安妮·莎莉文担任海伦的老师时，海伦的生活出现了奇迹，安妮·莎莉文是一位坚韧又对他人充满关怀的女士。）

　　这句话原本为：

　　Several years later （时间副词短语，视为副词，修饰主要从句）, a miracle came into Helen's life（主要从句）when Ann Sullivan, who was a strong and caring lady, became Helen's teacher.（从属连词when引导的状语从句，修饰主要从句）

　　上列由when引导的状语从句中，主语为Ann Sullivan，而who was a strong and caring lady是插入的非限定性定语从句，修饰Ann Sullivan，此时可将who删除，把was变成现在分词being，再将being省略，即成名词词组a strong and caring lady（或a strong, caring lady），这个名词词组是Ann Sullivan的同位语，became（成为）是不完全不及物动词，Helen's teacher（海伦的老师）则为主语Ann Sullivan的补语。

　　6．Miss Sullivan was a loving and patient teacher, whose devotedness finally changed a near-savage child into a responsible human being.

　　（莎莉文老师是一位既有爱心又有耐心的老师，她的执着终于把一个近乎野蛮的孩子转变成了一个有责任心的人。）

　　这句话原本为：

　　Miss Sullivan was a loving and patient teacher, her devotedness finally changed a near-savage child into a responsible human being.（×，两句无连词连接）

　　第一个改正这个句子的方法是，使用并列连词and连接两个主句，即：

　　Miss Sullivan was a loving and patient teacher, and her devotedness finally changed a near-savage child into a responsible human being.

　　第二个改正方法是将第二句的代词所有格改成关系代词所有格whose，使whose devotedness引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词词组a loving and patient teacher（或a loving, patient teacher）。whose devotedness在所引导的定语从句中做主语，之后有及物动词changed，合乎语法，故句子结构正确。

　　7．Through her help, Helen Keller learned to communicate with those around her and embrace the world that she had once hated so much.

　　（通过她的帮助，海伦·凯勒学会了跟她周围的人沟通，也学会了要拥抱这个她曾极度痛恨的世界。）

　　本句句首介词短语Through her help（通过她的帮助）应视为副词短语，修饰由Helen Keller引导的主句，Helen Keller是主语，learned（学习）是完全及物动词，之后的不定式短语to communicate with those（或people）around her and embrace the world that（或which）she had once hated so much做learn的宾语；the world之后有关系代词that（=which）引导限定性定语从句，由于that做hated的宾语，故可省略。且过去完成时had once hated so much（曾一度极为痛恨）不能单独存在，需与过去式动词learned并用，合乎语法，故句子结构正确。

　　本句可改成：

　　Through her help, Helen Keller learned to communicate with people around her and embrace the world （which） she had once hated so much.

　　8．People （主语）respected （完全及物动词）her （宾语）and （并列连词）benefited（完全不及物动词） a lot （副词词组，修饰benefited）from her unique insight and courage.（介词短语，视为副词，修饰benefited）

　　（大家尊敬她，也从她独特的洞察力及勇气中获益良多。）

　　本句由并列连词and连接两个动词respected及benefited，也可以省略and，将第二个动词变成现在分词：

　　People respected her, benefiting a lot from her unique insight and courage.

　　9．Miss Keller died in 1968, but her spirit lives on.

　　（凯勒小姐于1968年过世，不过她的精神却继续存在。）

　　本句以对等连接词but连接两个主要从句，句子结构是正确的。第一个主要从句因有表过去的时间副词词组in 1968，故动词用过去式died；但如果省略in 1968，则第一个主要从句可改用现在完成时：

　　Miss Keller has passed away; however, her spirit lives on.

　　=Miss Keller has passed away; her spirit lives on, though.

　　以上是我在军校四年级即将毕业时，学完语法后养成的分析句子结构的习惯。我特地用以上这篇文章举例，让大家知道我在学习语法时如何从单句结构学起，进而了解连接词的功能、非限定动词的用法、关系词及时态的重要性。以这篇文章为例，通过我做的句子结构分析示范，大家就能知道学语法的重要性了。 赖世雄的英语学习法