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　　第六节 通过句子结构分析能力奠定中译英及英译中的基础

　　虽然在上一节，我教授了大家如何养成分析句子结构的习惯，但我并不是每看一篇文章都做句子结构分析，因为每篇文章都做句子结构分析不仅无意义，还会影响我大量“阅”与“读”的速度，最后变成一个爱钻牛角尖、一味研究语法的书呆子。因此我每个月会选一篇短文（不必用太长的文章）用来练习句子结构分析，以增强我对句子结构分析的能力，并奠定我写作的基础。

　　每次我把英文文章分析完后，就会将翻译好的中文再翻译成英语作为练习，以第145页有关海伦·凯勒的英文文章为例：

　　中译：

　　海伦·凯勒于1880年出生于亚拉巴马州，当时还是个既健康又正常的孩子。不过她尚在襁褓之时，就生了一场病，加上发高烧，导致她又聋、又哑、又瞎。对小海伦而言，世界突然变成了一个黑暗而又令她害怕的地方。她变得狂野固执来回应周遭的一切。

　　若干年之后，一位坚韧又对他人充满关怀的女士成了海伦·凯勒的老师，这位老师的名字是安妮·莎莉文。此时海伦的生活有了奇迹般的转变。莎莉文小姐是个有爱心也有耐心的老师，她的执着把一个几近野蛮的小女孩改变成一个有责任心的人。在莎莉文老师的帮助下，海伦·凯勒学会了与周围的人沟通，并拥抱了她一度很痛恨的世界。大家尊敬海伦·凯勒，她独到的见解与勇气使人们受益不少。海伦·凯勒于1968年过世，但她的精神却永垂不朽。

　　我学习中译英的步骤：

　　第一步

　　先将文章从头到尾看一遍，把我懂的相关英语单词或短语列出来，遇到不懂的单词或短语，我当时就去查阅《远东汉英大辞典》。

　　● 在亚拉巴马州出生be born in Alabama

　　● 健康正常的孩子a healthy, normal child

　　● 还在襁褓时when she was still a little baby

　　● 生病fall ill

　　● 发高烧have a high fever

　　● 又聋、又哑、又瞎be deaf, dumb and blind

　　● 狂野固执be wild and stubborn

　　● 来回应……in response to...

　　● 坚韧的persevering或tough

　　● 关怀的caring或loving

　　● 奇迹般的转变a miraculous change

　　● 执着perseverance

　　● 几近野蛮的nearly undisciplined

　　● 独到的见解unusual views

　　第二步

　　按学过的基础语法开始一句一句地翻译。

　　以下是我的中译英示范：

　　Helen Keller was born in Alabama in 1880, when (= during which / in which) she was a healthy, normal infant. However, she fell ill with a high fever while she was still a little baby, which left her deaf, dumb and blind. For little Helen, the world suddenly became a dark, scary place. She became wild and stubborn in response to everything around her.

　　Several years later, a persevering but caring lady became Helen Keller's teacher, whose name was Ann Sullivan. It was then that there was a miraculous change in Helen's life. Miss Sullivan was a loving and patient teacher, whose perseverance transformed a nearly undisciplined little girl into a dutiful person. With Miss Sullivan's help, Helen Keller learned to communicate with people around her and embrace the world she used to resent so much.Everyone respected her and benefited a great deal from her unusual views and courage. Helen Keller passed away in 1968; however, her spirit will remain for a long time to come.

　　当然，翻译任何一篇文章时，遣词造句并没有固定的规则，唯一的原则就是所有的遣词造句都应尽量贴近原文，也就是译文一定要以“信、达、雅”为最高目标。所以我经常多看好的中英文文章，常常把见到的好词好句抄在笔记本上，兴致来时即兴做一段中译英或英译中的练习，以此锻炼我的翻译能力。

　　以下面这道中译英的翻译题为例：

　　乌镇是浙江的一座古老水镇，坐落在京杭大运河之畔。这是一处迷人的地方，有许多古桥、中式旅店和餐馆。在过去一千年里，乌镇的水系和生活方式并未经历多少变化，是一座展现古文明的博物馆。乌镇所有房屋都用石木建造。数百年来，当地人沿着河边建起了住宅和集市。无数宽敞美丽的庭院藏身于房舍之间，游客们每到一处都会有惊喜的发现。

　　同样地，我会采取下列两个步骤：

　　第一步

　　列出与中文相关的重要单词、词组，如果遇到不懂的单词尽量以自己能掌握的同义词取代。

　　● 乌镇Wuzhen

　　● 浙江Zhejiang (Province / province)

　　● 古老的ancient或old

　　● 水镇a water town或a riverside town

　　● 坐落在京杭大运河之畔be located by the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal

　　● 迷人的charming或enthralling或fascinating

　　● 在过去一千年里时间|over/during/in/for| the past / last 1,000 years

　　*上列最后一条有关时间的副词短语在句中出现时，动词应使用“现在完成时”或“现在完成进行时”，如下例：

　　I've been writing the paper for the past three weeks.

　　（过去三周我一直在写这份报告。）

　　● 用石木建造be constructed of stones and wood或be made of stones and wood或be built of stones and wood

　　● 数百年来|over/during/in/for| the past / last several hundred years

　　● 庭院yard或patio或courtyard

　　● 藏身于……之间be hidden among …或be tucked away among …或nestle among …

　　第二步

　　运用前面我所学得的基本语法知识，从中文句子判断出英语句子所用的结构，然后开始正式写作翻译。

　　以下是我的中译英示范：

　　Wuzhen, an ancient water town in Zhejiang, is located on the banks of the Grand Canal. It is a fascinating place, where there are a large number of ancient bridges, Chinese-style hotels, and restaurants. Over the past 1,000 years, Wuzhen's water system and the way of life have undergone very few changes. Wuzhen can be compared to a museum that exhibits ancient civilization. All the houses in Wuzhen are constructed of stones and wood. Over the past hundreds of years, local people have built houses and markets along the river. Innumerable spacious and stunning courtyards are tucked away among the houses. Wuzhen never ceases to amaze tourists every corner they turn.

　　总而言之，无论从事中译英还是英译中，一定要有两个条件：

　　第一，熟悉基本句子结构、连词、限定动词及时态的用法。

　　第二，具备大量的英语词汇。

　　对于第一个条件，我在本章已有详尽的解说。至于如何具备大量的英语词汇，那就得借助大量“阅”与“读”，并勤查字典抄下相关单词的实用例句，以了解该单词与其他词类在例句中的collocation（固定搭配）……这些我在前面讲过的方法，既是我个人学习英语的感悟，也是我想和大家一起分享的学习经验。希望这些方法对大家学习英语有帮助，能让大家也像我一样不再认为翻译是很困难的事，也希望大家能准备一个笔记本，看到中文或英文的报章、杂志就开始就地取材动笔翻译。

　　为了帮助读者们加深对翻译方法的印象，我特地采用了台湾某报于2016年8月25日在头版刊登的一则新闻中的第一小段，再做一次即兴的中译英示范：

　　原文：

　　超级七岁娃娃扛家

　　【王智勇、李宗佑/嘉义报道】

　　贴心女儿当起失明妈妈的双眼！一般七岁的孩子，还需家人照顾，嘉义这名七岁女童却懂事得令人心疼。因爸爸入狱服刑，妈妈双眼失明，女童从四岁起就学做家事，洗米煮饭、换灯管都难不倒她，身为长女的她还姐代母职，照顾三名年幼弟妹，妈妈要外出时，她也总是牵着妈妈的手，代替妈妈的眼睛。妈妈感动地说：“七年前怀着她时发生车祸，幸好老天爷把她留下，这个女儿（长女）是来报恩的，没有她，这个家撑不下去。”

　　我做的英译：

　　Super 7-yr-old Girl Assuming Family Burden

　　By Wang Zhiyong and Li Zongyou in Chiayi

　　A thoughtful girl serves as the eyes of her blind mother! In general, a 7-year-old child still can't do without the care of his or her family. However, this 7-year-old girl from Chiayi County is so mature that one can't help but take pity on her. Because her father is serving time in jail and her mother's eyes have gone blind, this little girl has learned to do all the housework; things like cooking and changing light tubes are not beyond her reach. Being the eldest sister, she looks after her three little siblings as a mother does. Whenever her mom has to go out, the girl takes her by the hand, guiding her all the way. Moved by what her daughter does, the mother says that seven years ago, while she was pregnant with her, she was caught in a car accident. Fortunately, both of them survived.“This daughter has come to pay a debt of gratitude. But for her, our family wouldn't be able to hang in there.”

　　我在自学英语的第三阶段——大量“阅”与“读”时，发现《英文中国邮报》的一个特色：所有大报或通讯社记者，包含AP（美联社）、UPI（合众国际社）、Reuters（路透社）、AFP（法新社）等所发出的外电新闻都有下列特征：

　　第一，每则新闻的遣词造句都简单易懂。

　　第二，新闻的重点都放在第一段的导语，其他段落则为第一段重点的延伸。

　　因此，我经常随兴从《英文中国邮报》的英文外电中选出一篇我感兴趣的新闻报道翻译成中文。

　　以下是美国最畅销的日报《今日美国》 （USA TODAY）报道的一则关于2016年美国总统大选的新闻原文：

　　Hillary Clinton Defends Clinton Foundation, State Department

　　Hillary Clinton continued todefend the relationship between the Clinton Foundation and the State Department during her time in the administration Friday.

　　In an interview with MSNBC's Morning Joe, Clinton said she was sure that there were no foundation ties that could harm her chance of becoming president.

　　"I am sure because I have a very strongfoundation of understanding about the foundation," Clinton said. "The kind of work that the foundation has done, which attracted donors from around the world, is work that went right into providing services to people."

　　Clinton also reiterated neither she nor former president Bill Clinton nor their daughter, Chelsea, ever accepted money from the foundation.

　　上列各段画底线的单词或短语是这则新闻中较难的部分，但全文却没有任何一个难懂的词，我将这篇文章翻译成中文，如下：

　　希拉里为克林顿基金会及国务院辩护

　　希拉里·克林顿于星期五继续为她执政期间克林顿基金会与国务院之间的关系作出辩解。

　　在接受微软国家广播公司晨间新闻节目《早安乔》（Morning Joe）的访问中，克林顿表示，她确信基金会与国务院之间的关系没有一项会伤及她当选总统的机会。

　　克林顿表示，“我确信，因为我对该基金会的了解具有强而有力的根据”，“基金会的工作一直以来就吸引着来自全球各地的捐款人，捐款所得直接投入为大众服务的各种项目中。”

　　克林顿也重申她本人、前总统比尔·克林顿及他们的女儿切尔西，三人都从未收受过来自基金会的半毛钱。 赖世雄的英语学习法