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第24天 插入语、直接引语和间接引语

28天学会英语语法 李文昊 15005 2021-04-06 07:04

  第24天 插入语、直接引语和间接引语

  24-1 插入语

  1.概念

  插入语在英语中形式多样,内容丰富,使用灵活。插入语指的是插在句子中的一个词、短语或从句,其作用是用来补充含义,或作一些解释。插入语通常被逗号、破折号或句子的其他部分隔开,在句中与其他部分没有语法上的联系,将它删掉之后,句子结构仍然完整。因此,有的语法学家将其归为独立成分。

  2.插入语的类型

  插入语在句中的作用,主要是用来表示说话人对某事物的看法、态度和推测。有时起到解释、说明的作用,有时表示总结,有时起强调的作用,有时可以用来引起对方的注意和思考,还可以起转移话题或说明事由的作用,也可以承上启下,使句子与前面的语句衔接更紧密一些。总之,插入语用法很多, 在句子中的位置比较灵活,在学习中应当认真去体会。大体而言,插入语大致可分为以下10种类型:

  (1)形容词或形容词短语作插入语。

  常用作插入语的形容词或形容词短语有:

  true 真的,wonderful 太好了,worst still 更糟糕的是, sure enough 果然, strange 奇怪的是, most important of all 最重要的是,strange to say 说来奇怪等。例如:

  True, it would be too bad. 真的,太糟了。

  Wonderful, we have won again. 太好了,我们又赢了。

  Worse still, the lion could even carry off the baby in its mouth.

  更糟糕的是,狮子一口就可以夺去这个孩子的生命。

  Strange, there is nobody in the classroom. 很奇怪,教室里没人。

  Strange to say, he hasn't got my letter up to now.

  说来也奇怪,他到现在还没有收到我的信。

  Most important of all, we must learn all the skills.

  最重要的是,我们必须掌握所有的技巧。

  (2)副词或副词短语作插入语。

  副词或副词短语用作插入语, 这类插入语一般放在句首或句尾,有时也可以放在句中。常用的副词或副词短语有:

  indeed 的确,surely 无疑, however 然而, frankly 坦率地说,obviously 显然,naturally 自然地,fortunately 幸好,strangely 奇怪,briefly 简单地说,honestly 老实说,though 虽然、可是,besides 此外,exactly 确切地说,still 尽管如此、依然,otherwise 另外、否则,luckily (happily for sb)算某人幸运等。例如:

  When he got there, he found, however, that the weather was too bad.

  可是到了那儿之后他发现,那儿的天气太糟糕了。

  Honestly, I don't need it at the moment. 老实说,我现在不需要它。

  You'll be able to pass the coming exam, surely. 你一定会通过即将到来的考试的。

  Two middleaged passengers fell into the sea. Unfortunately, neither of them could swim. 两个中年乘客跌入大海,不幸的是,他们都不会游泳。

  Otherwise, he would still be at home. 不然的话,他还会在家的。

  Luckily for you, I happen to have the key. 你很幸运,我正好带了钥匙。

  (3)介词短语作插入语。

  介词或介词短语作插入语, 这类插入语一般放在句首, 有时也可放在句中。常用的介词短语有:

  in a way 在某一点上、在某种程度上 for example 例如

  of course 当然 as a matter of fact 事实上

  by the way 顺便 on the contrary 相反

  on the other hand 另一方面 in my opinion / view 依我看来

  in general 一般说来 in a sense 在某种意义上

  in short 简言之 in conclusion 最后、总之

  例如:

  In a way, I think we both won in the game.

  从某种意义上来说,我认为在这场比赛中我们都赢了。

  Above all, you must follow your teacher's advice. 首先,你要遵从老师的建议。

  In my opinion, he is an honest boy. 依我看,他是个诚实的男孩。

  In short, we should not stop halfway. 简而言之,我们不能半途而废。

  (4)现在分词短语作插入语。

  常用作插入语的分词短语有:generally speaking 一般而言,judging from / by... 根据……判断,talking of... 谈到,strictly speaking 严格地说,generally considering 一般认为,considering 考虑到、因为是,putting it mildly 说得客气一点等。例如:

  Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。

  Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 一般来说,狗比猪跑得快。

  Considering his age, he did very well. 从年龄考虑,他干得挺不错。

  Frankly speaking, I don't like the job. 坦率地说,我不喜欢这份工作。

  (5)过去分词短语作插入语。

  Painted white, we like the house better. 漆成白色,我们更喜欢这套房子。

  注意:之所以称它为插入语,是由于这种过去分词是独立的,没有逻辑主语。

  (6)动词不定式作插入语。

  常用作插入语的不定式有:to be sure 自然、当然、果然,to be frank 坦率地说,to tell you the truth 说实话,so to speak 可以说,to speak of 值得一提的是,to be short 简单地说 ,to begin with 首先等。例如:

  To be frank, I don't quite agree with you. 坦率地说,我不太同意你的意见。

  That's a wonderful idea, to be sure. 这个主意的确好极了。

  To tell you the truth, I am not very interested in going to the show.

  说实在的,我不太想去看演出。

  To be frank with you, I have no money to spare. 坦白地说,我没有存下钱。

  (7)代词词组作插入语。

  常用作插入语的代词词组有:all the same 尽管如此,all told 总共,all in all 总的来说等。例如:

  His crew was reduced to twenty-four all told. 他的船员减少到总共24人。

  All in all, they have had a wonderful time today. 总的来说,他们今天过得很愉快。

  (8)从句作插入语。

  常用作插入语的从句有:if so假如这样的话,if not 不然的话、否则,if any即便要,if I may say so如果我可以这么说的话、要我说,if you don't mind如果你不介意的话,as you know正如你所知,as you say正如你所说,if you like如果你喜欢的话,if you please如果你愿意的话,if necessary如果必要的话,if convenient如果方便的话,as it happens碰巧来到、恰好出现等。例如:

  If I may say so, we know nothing about it. 正如我所说的,我们对它一无所知。

  This man, as you know, is good for nothing. 正如你所知的,这个人一无是处。

  You can, if you please, come to join us in the game.

  如果你愿意,你可以加入我们的游戏。

  (9)简短句子作插入语。

  用简短的句子结构作插入语,它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有:I am sure我可以肯定地说,do you know 你知道吗,you see 你明白,I'm afraid 恐怕,it is said 据说,I suppose / think / believe / hope 我想 / 我想 /我相信 / 我希望,

  what's more 而且、此外,what's worse 更糟糕的是,that is to say 也就是说,what is important 重要的是等。例如:

  I believe, China will catch up with the developed countries sooner or later.

  我确信,中国迟早会赶上发达国家。

  It's a great mistake, I think, not to accept their proposal.

  我认为,不接受他们的建议是个大错误。

  The old man, it is said, was an artist but people hardly know anything about this side of his life.

  据说,这位老人曾是个艺术家,可是人们对他这方面的生活几乎一无所知。

  It is so nice to hear from her. Believe it or not, we last met more than thirty years ago.

  收到她的来信真是太好了。信不信由你,我们最后一次见面那可是30多年前的事了。

  (10)用标点符号引导插入语。

  He was (strange as it seems) an excellent sportsman.

  他(尽管看起来很奇怪)曾经是一个出色的运动员。

  He was to me at least, if not to you——a figure that was worth having pity on.

  至少我觉得如此,即使你不这样认为,他是一个值得同情的人。

  3. 插入语特殊用法

  插入语独立性强,一般用标点符号将其与其他句子成分隔开。应当特别注意疑问句增加插入成分,也可被认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句(有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”)常用来征求对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine等。它一般为倒装语序且无任何标点符号,而且整个疑问句应当保持陈述语序。例如:

  (1) What should I do first? 我首先要做什么?

  What do you think I should do first?

  你认为我首先要做什么?

  (被插入的疑问句原来为倒装语序,增加插入语后成为陈述语序)

  (2) Who is singing? 谁在唱歌?

  Who do you think is singing?

  你认为谁在唱歌?(被插入的疑问句原来就是陈述语序,不需要做调整)

  (3) How long would she stay here? 她要在这儿待多久?

  How long did you say she would stay here? 依你看她会在这儿待多久?

  (4) When will they be back? 他们什么时候回来?

  When do you suppose they'll be back? 你认为他们什么时候会回来?

  (5) How old was she? 她多大了?

  How old did you think she was? 你认为她有多大?

  24-2 直接引语和间接引语

  1. 直接引语和间接引语之间的转换

  (1)人称变化:

  1)在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰,从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称而变化。例如:

  Lily said, "I must go to work."

  →Lily said she must go to work.

  2)若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称,或被第二人称所修饰,从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语,也可以用第一人称。例如:

  He asked to me, "How is your mother now?"

  →He asked me how my mother was then.

  3)如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰,从句中的人称一般不需要变化。例如:

  My teacher said, "she is a good student."

  →My teacher said she was a good student.

  (2)时态变化:

  直接引语变为间接引语时,句子的时态变化如下表:

  例如:

  "The house is very expensive," he said.

  →He said that the house was very expensive.

  He said, "It must be pretty late. I really must go."

  →He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.

  (3)时间状语、地点状语、指示代词和动词的变化:

  直接引语变为间接引语时,有些时间状语、地点状语、指示代词和动词也要作相应的变动,如下表:

  2. 各种句型由直接引语转变为间接引语的方法

  (1)直接引语是陈述句时:

  陈述句由直接引语变为间接引语时,如果引述动词为现在时形式,则间接引语中的动词时、体形式不变;但若引述动词为过去时形式,则间接引语中的动词时、体形式一般就要做相应的变化。有以下几种情况:

  1)现在时间变为过去时间:指一般现在时变为一般过去时,现在进行时变为过去进行时,现在完成时变为过去完成时,以及现在完成进行时变为过去完成进行时。例如:

  He said, "The leaders are quarrelling among themselves."

  →He said (that) the leaders were quarrelling among themselves.

  He said, "The secretary has turned down the proposal."

  →He said (that) the secretary had turned down the proposal.

  2)过去时间变为过去的过去。

  ①当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时,一般过去时要变为过去完成时。例如:

  He said, "I didn't recognize you."

  →He said he hadn't recognized me.

  ②过去进行时可以变为过去完成时,也可以不变。例如:

  She said, "I was joking with Mary."

  →She said she had been joking / was joking with Mary.

  ③时间状语分句中的一般过去时或过去进行时可以不变。例如:

  Tom said, "When I lived in London I often saw Jane. "

  →Tom said when he lived in London he often saw / had often seen Jane.

  ④过去完成(进行)时仍为过去完成(进行)时,无需改变。例如:

  He said, "We hadn't returned to the store when she came. "

  → He said they hadn't returned to the store when she came.

  ⑤当直接引语中的一般过去时或者过去进行时是虚拟语气的用法时,在间接引语中可以不变;在有些情况下,变或不变需视意义而定。例如:

  He said, "I wish I know."

  → He said he wished he knew.(变)

  He said, "I'd rather you lived closer to me. "

  →He said he'd rather I lived closer to him.(不变)

  He said, "If I had any money, I'd buy you a drink."

  → He said if he'd had any money he'd have bought me a drink.(变)

  3)将来时间变为过去将来时间。

  最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如:

  He said, "We are spending next weekend at home. "

  → He said they were spending next weekend at home.

  He said, "The food will go off (变质) if you don't cook them today. "

  → He said the food would go off if you didn't cook them that day.

  He said, "The house is to be built next month."

  → He said the house was to be built the next month.

  注意:在引述时,如果原话中的动作或状态属于尚未到来的将来事态,那么可以不推移到过去将来时。例如:

  He said, "I'll be waiting for you tomorrow."

  → He said he'll be waiting for me tomorrow.

  (2)直接引语是疑问句时:

  1)用间接引语引述一般疑问句或反意疑问句时,通常用if 或者whether,而引述选

  择疑问句时,通常只用whether。例如:

  "Does he really mean that?"

  →I wondered whether / if he really meant that.

  "They live in group, don't they? "

  →She asked whether / if they lived in group.

  I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?"

  →I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.

  2)特殊疑问句用间接引语变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。

  He asked, "Which chair shall I sit in?"

  →He asked me which chair he should sit in.

  3)有的疑问句徒具形式,实际上并非提出询问,而是表示请求、提议、建议、劝告等意义。用间接引语引述此类疑问句时,应借助于其他表达手段。例如:

  ①表示请求、劝告、建议时,通常用“ask, advise, want 等 + 宾语 + 不定式”结构。例如:

  "Would you buy some books?"

  → He asked me to buy him some books.

  ②表示建议时,通常用“suggest + V-ing”的结构,或者用that引导的从句,should可省略。例如:

  "Shall we get the tickets first?"

  →He suggested (us) getting the tickets first.

  →He suggested that we (should) get the tickets first.

  ③表示提议时,通常用“offer + 不定式”的结构。例如:

  "Shall I post them to you?"

  → He offered to post them to me.

  (3)直接引语是祈使句时:

  1)用间接引语引述祈使句多半采用“动词 + 宾语 + 不定式”的结构。常见的引述动词有ask, tell, beg, urge, order, warn, advise, remind等。例如:

  "Be carefull with the dog."

  → He warned me to be carefull with the dog.

  2)用间接引语引述表示命令的祈使句时,可以用“动词 + that分句”结构,分句中谓语动词通常为“be + 不定式”或者“have got + 不定式”。例如:

  "Don't run too fast."

  →He told me that I wastn't to run too fast.

  "Fill in this form."

  → He said I had got to fill in this form. 28天学会英语语法

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