第25天 主谓一致
第25天 主谓一致
25-1 主谓一致的原则
“一致”是指句子成分之间或者词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系。
主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单,其实使用起来却不是那么容易,有时候甚至很复杂。这是因为在不同情况下处理这一问题所依据的原则各不相同。就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言,通常有三种形式:1. 语法一致;2. 意义一致;3. 就近原则。
1.语法一致 (grammatical concord)
语法一致的原则是指主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致,主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形式。例如:
We have our own merits. 我们有自己的优点。
Each of us has merits. 我们每个人都有优点。
主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待。
(1)不定式、动名词以及从句作主语时应看做单数,谓语动词用单数。
Reading books is a very good way to study. 读书是学习的好方法。
To do this kind of thing requires courage. 做这种事情需要勇气。
What you have done has been seen. 你所做的已经被看到了。
(2)不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a等作主语或是修饰主语时应看做单数,谓语动词用单数。
Neither of them is guilty. 他们两人都无罪。
Many a student is doing exercise. 很多学生都在锻炼身体。
(3)表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看做单数,谓语动词用单数。
Gone With the Wind is a book known to lovers of English.
《飘》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。
(4)a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看做单数,谓语动词用单数。
A kind of flower in the garden smells very pleasant.
这座花园里有一种花香气怡人。
A series of expensive goods has been sold out in the shop.
这个商店里的昂贵东西已被售空。
(5)由some, several, both, few, many, a number of等词修饰主语, 或是由它们自身作主语时应看做复数,谓语动词用复数。另外,由and连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数。
Both of us are basketball players. 我们两个都是篮球运动员。
A number of people have applied for the job. 许多人已经申请了这份工作。
(6)有些短语,如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of, three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of, all of等后接不可数名词,或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看做单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看做复数,谓语动词用复数。
A lot of books have been published recently. 最近出版了许多书籍。
A lot of money in the shop was stolen last night. 昨天晚上那家商店被偷了许多钱。
2. 意义一致 (notional concord )
意义一致原则是指从意义上来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义用单数形式。
(1)当主语后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里,这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单、复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语。也就是说,我们完全可以将这些词组放到句首或是放到句末。从表面上我们也可以看出,它们与主语之间用“,”隔开。
Food, along with vegetable, has recently risen in price.
最近食物和蔬菜的价格上涨了。
The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.
老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。
我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别放到句首或是放到句末, 因为它们在句子里是状语。
Food has recently risen in price, along with vegetable.
Along with vegetable, food has recently risen in price.
(2)表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等词语作主语时,其意义若是指总量应看做单数,谓语动词用单数;如果其意义是指"有多少数量"则应该看做是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
Seven days are often regarded as one week. 7天被看做是一个星期。
Ten years stands for a long period in my life.
10年在我的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。
(3)形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看做单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看做是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
The unknown is always something to be feared.
未知的东西总是令人害怕的。
The accused was / were acquitted of the charge. 被告(均)被宣告无罪。
In our society, the good are rewarded. 在社会上,好人总有好报。
(4)当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人,同一物,同一事或者同一概念时,应看做单数,谓语动词用单数;当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时,其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看做是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
Love and right is a constant theme in history.
爱情与权利是历史上一个永恒的主题。
This shirt and that shirt are of good quality. 这件衬衫和那件衬衫质量都很好。
Different people respectively welcome white and black coffee.
加奶的咖啡与清咖啡都分别受到不同人们的喜爱。
(5)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有:army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team等。其中cattle, people, police一般看成复数形式。
The class are all fond of basketball. 全班同学都喜欢篮球。
The family is quite successful. 这个家庭十分美满。
The public has right to vote for the president. 人民有权选举总统。
The public now come to know that they were cheated by the government. 人们现在知道被政府骗了。
3. 就近原则 (principle of proximity)
就近原则是指谓语动词的人称和数常常与距离最近的作主语的词语保持一致。
25—2主谓一致主要方法总结
常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...等。例如:
Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都没错。
Either you or I am to go. 你我之间总有一个人要去。
Not only he but also you are going to the concert. 不光他你也要去音乐会。
1. 并列结构作主语时的主谓一致
(1)由and连接的两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数;但如果在意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
A boy and a girl want to go to church. 一个男孩和一个女孩想去做礼拜。
A bowl and chopsticks was set on the table. 桌子上放着一副碗筷。
(2)一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰,表示两个不同的概念时,谓语动词一般用复数;但如果表示的是同一概念时应用单数。
White and black coffee are both we like to drink.
加奶的咖啡和清咖啡,我们都喜欢喝。
The last and most important thing is to have a meal.
最后也是最重要的事情是吃饭。
(3)当each... and each..., every... and every..., no... and no..., many a... and many a...结构作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
No boy and no girl is to be found in the classroom. 教室里没有任何人。
Many a teacher and many a student is busy with the exam.
老师和学生都在忙着考试。
(4)由not only... but also..., either...or..., neither... nor..., ...or...连接的并列主语, 谓语动词通常依就近一致原则决定。
Either the students or the teacher is responsible for the case.
不是学生就是老师要对这件事负责。
(5)当主语后接由as well as, along with, together with, rather than, no less than, but, except, besides, in addition to, like, including等词引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由前面的词来决定。
A school, with some houses, is to be built here.
在这里要建立一所学校和一些房子。
Nancy, along with her friends, goes shopping every Sunday.
南希和她的朋友每个周日都一起去购物。
2. 百分数、分数作主语时的主谓一致
当百分数、分数后面加名词或代词时,要根据这个名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复数形式。如果是复数名词或代词,谓语动词用复数;如果是单数名词(或不可数名词)或代词,谓语动词用单数。例如:
Three—fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 地球表面的3/4是海洋。
Fifty percent of the students in our school are girls. 我们学校50%的学生是女生。
3. 不定代词作主语时的主谓一致
(1)不定代词each, another, the other, either, neither和由some, any, no, every 等加 one 或thing构成的复合代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Nobody likes here. 没有人喜欢这儿。
Neither of us is allergic to it. 我们俩对它都不过敏。
Something has been done to help the poor. 已经采取措施帮助穷人了。
(2)none作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数,这要取决于说话人的看法。
None of us like his present. 我们都不喜欢他的礼物。
None of us has ever been there. 我们谁也没有到过那里。
(3)both, (a) few, many, several作主语时, 谓语动词通常用复数形式。
Both of them like singing. 他们两人都喜欢唱歌。
(4)all作主语表示人时,谓语动词用复数;表示物时,谓语动词用单数。
All is clear. 一切都清楚了。
All are here. 大家都在这里。
4. 表示"全体" "部分"等意义的词作主语时的主谓一致
(1)当主语是most, the rest, the last, the remainder等时,其谓语一般应遵循意义一致的原则。如果most之类的词后面的of紧跟的名词是单数,则用单数;如果of后面的名词表示复数,则用复数。
Half of the students do this, the rest are to do that.
一半的学生做这件事,剩下的做那件事。
After the big fire, the remainder is nothing. 大火之后什么也没剩下。
(2)当town, school, village等分别表示总称的“镇民”“全校师生”“村民”时,谓语动词可以用单数,也可以用复数。有时可用the加形容词whole修饰。
The whole town is / are celebrating the big event. 全体镇民都在庆祝这件大事。 28天学会英语语法