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第23天 状语从句

28天学会英语语法 李文昊 15157 2021-04-06 07:04

  第23天 状语从句

  23-1 状语从句概念

  状语从句 (adverbial clause)指在复合句中作状语的从句。状语从句由从属连词或起连词作用的词语引出,它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句一般由连词 (从属连词) 引导,也可以由词组引导。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。

  23-2 状语从句分类

  状语从句根据其意义和作用可分为:

  时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time)

  地点状语从句(adverbial clause of place)

  条件状语从句(adverbial clause of condition)

  原因状语从句(adverbial clause of cause)

  目的状语从句(adverbial clause of purpose)

  方式状语从句(adverbial clause of manner)

  结果状语从句(adverbial clause of result)

  让步状语从句(adverbial clause of concession)

  比较状语从句(adverbial clause of comparison)

  23-3 状语从句的用法

  1. 时间状语从句

  在复合句中,由表示时间的连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。时间状语从句由以下连词引导:when, while, as, after, before, as soon as, since, till / until, by the time。在时间状语从句中,要注意时态一致。但一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。

  (1)由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。

  He entered school when he was six. 他6岁上学。

  Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。

  Our headmaster laughed as she spoke. 我们的校长边谈边笑。

  (2)由before和after引导的时间状语从句。

  before引导的从句不用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果主句动词用过去完成时,则before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。after表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后,主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如:

  It will be a long time before they come back. 他们要过很久才能回来。

  He almost knocked me down before he saw me. 他几乎要把我撞倒才看到我。

  My father had left for London just before the letter arrived.

  我父亲恰好在信到之前去伦敦了。

  After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.

  你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。

  After we had finished the work, we went home.

  完成工作之后,我们回家了。

  (3)由till或until引导的时间状语从句。

  till和until一般情况下可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:

  I didn't wake up until I heard the alarm clock.

  直到听到闹钟的铃声我才醒来。

  He worked in Hong Kong until his father found him a job in Canada.

  在他父亲给他在加拿大找到差事前,他一直在香港工作。

  Will this fish keep until tomorrow?

  这鱼能留到明天吗?

  She didn't go to bed until her daughter came back.

  她一直等到女儿回来才去睡觉。

  Please wait until I arrive.

  在我到达之前请等我。

  (4)由since引导的时间状语从句。

  since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is + 时间+ since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:

  She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper.

  她去年五月到伦敦,此后一直在报社工作。

  She has been living a hard life since her husband died.

  她自从丈夫死后,一直过着艰苦的生活。

  It was the first time I'd won since I'd learnt to play chess.

  自从我学会下国际象棋以来,这是我第一次赢。

  It is ten years since they married.

  他们结婚到现在已经10年了。

  (5)由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。

  I came instantly I saw the need. 我一发觉有必要马上就来了。

  I want to see her the moment she arrives. 她一到我就要见她。

  I'll write to you as soon as I get there. 我一到那儿,就给你写信。

  注意:

  hardly (scarcely, rarely) ... when / before, no sooner...than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。

  I had no sooner gone out than it began to rain. 我刚走到外面就开始下雨了。

  No sooner had she seen him than she smiled. 她一见到他就笑。

  Hardly had the game begun when it started raining. 比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。

  We had hardly begun our walk when it began to rain.

  我们刚一举步就下起雨来了。

  (6)由by the time引导的时间状语从句。

  注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如:

  By the time I got there the bus had already gone.

  我赶到时,公交车已经开走了。

  By the time you come to see me tomorrow, I will have finished my job.

  你明天来看我的时候,我将已经完成我的工作了。

  2. 地点状语从句

  地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型。例如:

  (1)Where+地点从句 + ,+ (there)+主句。

  (2)anywhere / wherever + 地点从句+ ,+ 主句。

  Remember I am waiting for you wherever you go.

  不论你到哪里, 记住我在等着你。

  Wherever there is smoke, there is fire. 无风不起浪。 (谚语)

  3. 条件状语从句

  条件状语从句就是用以表示“假设条件下会……”。引导词一般有if(如果), unless (=if not) 除非,as / so long as 只要,on condition that 条件是……,provided / providing that 假如,suppose / supposing 假如, in case 如果,for fear (that) / lest唯恐、以免,only if 只要、只有,if only 但愿、要是……该多好。

  (1)if和unless。后者在意义上相当于“if...not”,而且语气较强,一般也不用于虚拟语气。

  I will come to see you if I have time. 我有时间就来看你。

  If the rain stops, I shall go out for a walk. 如果雨停了,我就出去散步。

  You can't learn English well unless you work hard.

  除非你努力学习,否则你学不好英语。

  (=If you don't work hard, you can't learn English well.)

  (2)on condition (that) (在……条件下;倘若……),as (so) long as(只要……就……),in case(以防万一;万一;如果)。

  You can use my bike on condition that you return it by Friday.

  你可以使用我的自行车,条件是你星期五以前还。

  As long as it doesn't rain, we can play. 只要天不下雨,我们就能玩。

  You'd better take an umbrella in case it rains. 你最好带把雨伞,以防下雨。

  (3)suppose / supposing that, provided / providing (that) 假如。

  Supposing (that) it rains, can we play the match indoors?

  要是下雨的话,我们能在室内比赛吗?

  Suppose the news is true, what then? 假定这消息是真的,那又怎样?

  Provided we get good weather it will be a successful holiday.

  如果天气良好,我们的假日将过得非常好。

  (4)only if 引导真实条件状语从句,用于句首,主句主谓倒装;if only 一般引导虚拟条件句或感叹句。

  Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees.

  只有红灯亮,才表示有危及职工的险情。(真实条件句)

  If only I knew her name. 我要是知道她的名字就好了。(虚拟条件句)

  4. 原因状语从句

  原因状语从句由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that等词引导。例如:

  Please be brief because I am in a hurry. 我有急事,请长话短说。

  Since it is so hot, let's go swimming. 既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。

  We didn't know what to do as we were just visiting there.

  我们不知道该怎么办,因为当时我们仅仅在那里作访问。

  We must start early, for it will take two hours to drive to the airport.

  我们得早点动身,因为开车去机场得花两个小时

  5. 目的状语从句

  目的状语从句的引导词有:so that 以便、以至,in order that 以便,in case 免得、以防,for fear (that) 唯恐、以免,lest 唯恐、以免、以使其不……等。

  (1)so that, in order that引导的从句谓语常用can, could, may, might, shall, will, would等情态动词。in order that 引导的从句可位于主句前面或后面,so that引导的从句只能位于主句之后。

  We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can / may make your arrangements. 我们将很快告诉你们详情,以便你们能做出安排。

  I'll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. 我将慢慢跑以便你能赶上我。

  (2)in case, for fear (that) , lest引导的从句谓语动词可用虚拟语气:should + V (should不可省) ;若不用虚拟语气,要用一般现在时或过去时。

  He wrote the name down for fear that he should forget it.

  他写下这个名字以免以后忘记。

  Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

  最好多穿点衣服,以防天冷。

  They spoke in whisper for fear (that) they might wake the baby.

  他们轻声谈话,以免吵醒婴儿。

  6. 结果状语从句

  结果状语从句由连词 (so) that, so...that, such...that, so much / many...that引导。例如:

  (1)so...that 如此……以至于。

  He always worked so hard that he made a lot of money.

  他总是那么努力工作,结果赚了很多钱。

  The news was so wonderful that we were all very excited.

  这个消息如此棒,我们感到很兴奋。

  (2)such...that 如此……以至于。

  He beat his brother with such violence that he cried and cried.

  他如此粗暴地打他的弟弟,以至于他哭了又哭。

  (3)比较:so和 such。

  其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so还能与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。

  so nice a flower such a nice flower

  so foolish such a fool

  so much / little money such rapid progress

  so many / few flowers such nice flowers

  so many people such a lot of people

  (so many已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many, 但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能与such搭配)

  so...that与such...that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

  The boy is so young that he can't go to school.

  He is such a young boy that he can't go to school.

  这个男孩太小了以至于不能去上学。

  7. 让步状语从句

  (1)though, although引导的让步状语从句。though, although译为“虽然”时, 都不能和but连用,但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用。

  Although she was poor, yet she wanted to buy that dress.

  尽管她很贫穷,然而她还是想买那件礼服。

  Although it isn't dangerous, the teacher didn't allow them to swim.

  虽然不危险,老师还是不让他们去游泳。

  although, though 辨析:

  though可以做副词,指“但是”,但是although不行。例如:

  He said he would come, he didn't, though.

  他说他要来,但是他没有。(句中的though不能替换成although)

  as though属固定搭配,though不能替换成although。although要比though更正式,相对而言,语气比较重,但是though的使用更普遍。although引导的从句,常指实际发生的事情,而不是假想、设想。

  He would not be unhappy though he should have to live alone.

  就算要一个人住,他也不会不开心。

  He was not unhappy although he had to live alone.

  8. 比较状语从句

  比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级、比较级及最高级的句子之中。这类从句常有词省略,只剩下单词或词组。

  (1)原级:

  1)as...as “和……一样”。

  You know as much about that as i do. 对于这件事,你知道的和我一样多。

  2)not so (as) ...as ...“和……不一样”

  She is not so simple as a child. 她不像小孩那样天真。

  (2)比较级:

  ...than “比……更……”。

  They work harder than we do. 他们比我们工作更努力。

  (3)最高级:

  1)The most...in / of 。

  Of the three questions, this is the most difficult. 三个问题中这是最难的。

  2)the + 形容词最高级...of / in 。

  This road is the busiest street in our city. 这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。

  知识扩展:

  ①no more than“只不过”(嫌少的意思)

  She asked no more than two questions. 她只问了两个问题。

  He is no more than a worker. 他仅仅是个工人。

  ②not more than“不如……,至多” (前者不如后者)

  He is not more hardworking than I. 他不如我工作努力。

  ③one of the + 名词 (复数) “……之一” (用于最高级)

  He is one of the smartest students in my class. 他是我班最聪明的学生之一。

  虽然他不得不一个人住,却没有不开心。

  though和although都可在从句中用作连词,通常表示相同的意思,但though更适用于非正式的表述中。

  (2)as, though 引导的倒装句。

  as / though引导的让步状语从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。

  Child as / though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

  = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.

  虽然他还是个孩子,但是他知道什么事情该做。

  9. 方式状语从句

  方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as...so..., as if, as though引导。

  (1)as, as if, as though引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在 (just) as...so...结构中常位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是“正如……”“就像”,多用于正式文体。

  Don't be the one as the others want you to be.

  不要成为别人希望你成为的那种人。

  As water is to fish, so air is to man. 人离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。

  Just as we take care of babies, so we should protect the plants carefully.

  正如照顾婴儿一样,我们也要仔细保护这些植物。

  (2)as if, as though的比较。

  两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。常译作“仿佛……似的”“好像……似的”。例如:

  She treats him as if he were a stranger.

  她待他如陌生人。(与事实相反,从句谓语用虚拟语气)

  He talks as if he knew everything.

  他夸夸其谈,好像什么都知道似的。(与事实相反,从句谓语用虚拟语气)

  It sounds as if it is raining.

  听起来像在下雨。(实现的可能性较大,从句谓语用陈述语气) 28天学会英语语法

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