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　　4.5.1 Listening Tasks

　　Two cycles of listening tasks were given to the participants, with two tasks in each cycle. Each listening task consisted of a listening text and an information transfer task (see Appendix C).

　　(a) Listening Texts

　　Four approximately 450-word-long listening texts were designed for the listening tasks. These texts are A Report of a Sales Manager, A Dialogue on a Conference Registration, A Telephone Call to a Sports Center, and A TV Program on Different Types of Working Dogs. Each text involved five words for the study of incidental vocabulary acquisition. In order to enable the participants to be exposed to sufficient information about the words under study, when the listening texts were written, sufficient context was provided in which concepts were purposefully repeated for clarification. See the following examples:

　　1. At the start of the year I felt very optimistic for our company. I felt we had a good chance of having an excellent year.

　　2. We are all already registered. We gave our names and paid our membership fees three weeks ago.

　　The listening texts were read and recorded at a moderate speed by two native English speakers, and all the listening texts were pre-checked by other EFL teachers who were also native English speakers.

　　(b) Vocabulary Items

　　In total twenty words of low frequency were chosen as target words for the incidental acquisition study, selected on the basis that they were unlikely to be previously known by the participants. Each listening text contained five target words, with each word occurring twice in the same text.

　　(c) Information Transfer Task

　　Four information-transfer tasks (i. e., using information in a text to complete a chart or table), based on Ellis' (2003) task-based listening tasks, were designed to check the participants' comprehension of the listening texts. To correspond to the four listening texts, the four tasks were Drawing a sales line on a company's yearly sales chart, Completing a conference registration form, Filling in a customer information sheet from a telephone conversation, and Completing a form with information on different types of workings dogs. The highest possible score for each information transfer task was five marks. Participants got one mark for a correct answer in each part of the chart drawing or each blank filling in the form. 元认知策略研究：二语听力理解与附带词汇习得（英文版）