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　　4.5.2 Questionnaire

　　At the initial phase of each listening cycle, Vandergrift et al. 's (2006) Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (the MALQ, see Appendix A) was used to investigate the participants' metacognitive awareness. The MALQ is a 21-item instrument devised to assess learners' metacognitive listening awareness, and it investigates such sub-sets as:

　　Planning-Evaluation (i. e. strategies learners use to prepare themselves for listening and to evaluate the results of their listening efforts) ;

　　Person Knowledge (i. e. learners'perceptions concerning the difficulty presented by L2 listening and their self-efficacy in L2 listening) ;

　　Problem Solving (i. e. strategies learners use to guess at what they do not understand [inference] and to monitor these inferences) ;

　　Directed Attention (i. e. strategies learners use to concentrate and to stay on task) ; and

　　Mental Translation (i. e. online mental translation strategies).

　　The MALQ has a six-point scale assessment (1-6, with 1 representing strongly disagree and 6 representing strongly agree), indicating the participants' metacognitive awareness. Data were collected and analyzed in terms of the five different sub-sets described above.

　　To make sure that participants fully understand the questionnaire, both English and Chinese versions of the questionnaire were prepared. The English version of the questionnaire was translated into Chinese by the researcher, and an EFL lecturer then back-translated the Chinese version into English. The two English versions were compared and any differences in the two versions were discussed in order to improve the quality of the Chinese translation version of the questionnaire. 元认知策略研究：二语听力理解与附带词汇习得（英文版）