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　　4.4 Participants

　　The participants of the study were 172 first-year Chinese university students. They were almost at the age (seventeen to nineteen) and enrolled in an English course at Shenyang Jianzhu University, China. English as a foreign language was a compulsory academic subject to all of the participants. Before entering university, the participants had received at least six years' formal English instruction and thus were considered to be at a pre-intermediate to intermediate level of language proficiency.

　　The participants were in the same year at university, using the same course materials and following the same syllabus in their listening classes. To be sure of the homogeneity in the classes regarding level of listening ability, the participants' listening scores from the College Entrance Exam were taken for reference. 元认知策略研究：二语听力理解与附带词汇习得（英文版）