第13天 连词

　　13-1 连词的概念

　　连词（conjunction）是一种虚词，在句中起连接作用，可以用来连接单词、短语、从句、分句或句子。在句中不单独作句子成分，一般不重读。

　　13-2 连词的种类

　　1. 根据连词的本身含义及所连接的成分是否平等，连词可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类

　　(1)并列连词（coordinative conjunction）：

　　并列连词用以连接彼此是并列关系的单词、短语、分句或从句，被连接的两个部分彼此是独立的，在句法上是平等的。常用的并列连词有and, or, but, for, not only...but (also)..., both...and... 等。

　　(2)从属连词 (subordinative conjunction）：

　　从属连词用来连接两个或两个以上的分句，形成复杂句中的从属分句, 即引导名词性从句和状语从句。常用的从属连词有that, whether, when, although, because 等。

　　2. 按照其构成，连词可分为以下四类

　　(1)简单连词 (simple conjunction）：

　　简单连词是由单个词充当的连词。例如：and, or, but, if, because等。

　　(2)关联连词（correlative conjunction）：

　　关联连词是由两个或两个以上互相关联的词构成的连词。例如：both...and..., not only...but also... 等。

　　(3)分词连词 (participial conjunction）：

　　分词连词是由动词的分词形式转变而来的连词。例如：supposing, considering, provided 等。

　　(4)短语连词 (phrasal conjunction）：

　　短语连词是由一个短语来充当的连词。例如：as if, as long as, in order that, as well as等。

　　3. 按照词义，连词可分为表示选择或对等关系、表示解释说明、表示总结、表示因果关系、表示转折关系、表示递进等的连词

　　(1)表示选择关系或并列关系的连接词：

　　either...or..., neither...nor..., or, as well as, and, both...and...., and等。

　　(2)表示解释说明的连接词：

　　that is, that is to say, in other words, such as, for example, for instance等。

　　(3)表示总结的连接词：

　　in a word, on the whole, in short, briefly, in brief, to sum up, in all等。

　　(4)表示时间顺序的连接词：

　　the moment, as soon as, at first, then, later, meanwhile, at the beginning等.

　　(5)表示因果关系的连接词：

　　therefore, so, as a result, as the result of, hence, because of, due to等。

　　(6)表示转折关系的连接词：

　　yet, and yet, but, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, however等。

　　(7)表示递进关系的连接词：

　　not only...but (also) , what's more, what's worse, besides, in addition等。

　　13-3 连词的用法

　　1. 并列连词用法

　　Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不待人。

　　She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.

　　她喜欢和朋友一起聚会或者做户外运动。

　　The car was quite old but in excellent condition.

　　那部车相当旧了，但机器性能还非常好。

　　The little girl is not only beautiful but also clever.

　　这个小女孩不仅漂亮而且聪明。

　　John as well as you is my bosom friend. 约翰和你都是我的知己。

　　He is either sick or lazy. 他不是病了就是太懒。

　　I do not care whether you go or stay. 我才不管你是走是留呢。

　　He moved steadily, looking neither left nor right. 他从容地走着，目不旁视。

　　2. 从属连词引导的从句

　　从属连词引导从句，包括名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从语和同位语从句）和状语从句（时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、比较状语从句、程度状语从句、结果状语从句和目的状语从句）。

　　(1)引导名词性从句：

　　It is obvious that we need to think twice about this thing.

　　很明显我们需要仔细考虑这件事。（that引导主语从句）

　　He said that he did not want to go. 他说他不想去。（that引导宾语从句）

　　The reason was that I didn't like him. 原因是我不喜欢他。（that引导表语从句）

　　The news that the exam was canceled excited me.

　　考试取消的消息使我很兴奋。（that引导同位语从句）

　　(2)引导状语从句：

　　1)时间状语从句：when 当……时，whenever任何时候，as当……时、一边……一边，while当……时、在……期间，before在……以前，after在……之后，until / till直到，since自从，once一旦，as soon as一……就……，every time每当，the moment一……就……，directly一……就……，no sooner... than... 一……就…… 等。例如：

　　The novel became even more popular after it was made into a movie.

　　这部小说在拍成电影后更加受欢迎了。

　　As soon as he stops talking, let's go get some coffee.

　　等他话音一停，咱们就去弄点咖啡。

　　Many things have happened since I last saw him.

　　自从我上次见到他以来，发生了很多事。

　　He stood quite silent while she appealed to him.

　　当她向他求助时，他站着一声不吭。

　　2)地点状语从句：where 在……地方，wherever 无论哪里、在任何地方，everywhere 每一……地方、到处，anywhere 任何地方。例如：

　　Sit wherever you like. 想坐哪就坐哪儿吧。

　　Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。

　　I'll take you anywhere you like. 你喜欢哪儿我就带你去哪儿。

　　3)原因状语从句：as 由于、因为，because 因为，since 既然，seeing that / considering that鉴于、考虑到，now that 既然，in that 因为，等等。例如：

　　Since / As you are busy, you had better not go with us.

　　既然你工作忙，你就不必跟我们一道去了。

　　I took this road because the policeman told me to.

　　我走这条路是因为警察告诉我这么走。

　　Now that you mention it, I do remember the incident.

　　经你一提，我想起那件事了。

　　Criticism and self—criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes. 批评与自我批评是必要的，因为它能帮助我们改正错误。

　　4)目的状语从句：so that 以便，in order that 以便，lest 唯恐，for fear that 唯恐、以免，in case 免得、以防万一等。例如：

　　He packed the instruments very carefully lest they should be broken during transportation. 他把仪器小心地包装好，以免在运输中破损。

　　I got up early in order to catch the first bus. 为了赶第一班公交车我起床很早。

　　They spoke in whisper for fear that they might wake the baby.

　　他们轻声说话，以免吵醒婴儿。

　　The invitations were sent out early in order that the delegates might arrive in time for the conference. 邀请书发出得很早，以便让代表们及时到会。

　　I take an umbrella in case it would rain.我带了把伞，以防下雨。

　　5)结果状语从句：that以便，so (such)... that 如此……以致，so that 因此、所以等。例如：

　　They set off half an hour earlier that they might get there in time.

　　他们早出发半小时，以便及时到达那里。

　　I'll wash the dress so that you can wear it. 我把这件衣服洗了，你好穿上。

　　He is such a good student that all the teachers like him.

　　他是个好学生, 老师都喜欢他。

　　She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying.

　　她说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。

　　6)条件状语从句：if 如果，in case 如果，unless 除非，lest 唯恐，suppose/supposing假如，so / as long as 只要，only if 只有，if only 但愿、要是……该多好，on condition that 条件是……，provided that 假如等。例如：

　　In case you see him, ask him about it. 如果你见到他，问问他这件事。

　　You may come if you want to. 如果你愿意你可以来。

　　I refuse to do it unless you help. 你如果不协助，我是不干的。

　　She began to be worried lest he should have met with some accident.

　　她开始不安起来，唯恐他发生什么事。

　　As long as I have time to study, I don't care whether the condition is well or not. 只要有时间学习，我不在乎环境好坏。

　　Only if I get a job will I have enough money to go to school.

　　我只有找到了工作才有足够的钱上学。

　　If only I could play the piano. 要是我会弹钢琴该好多啊。

　　You can use my car on condition that you return it tomorrow.

　　只要你明天归还，我的车你可以拿去用。

　　I will come with you provided (that) I am well enough.

　　只要我身体好，我一定和你一起去。

　　7)让步状语从句：though / although 虽然、尽管, even if / though 即使，however / no matter how 无论怎样，whatever / no matter what 无论什么，whenever / no matter when 无论什么时候，wherever / no matter where 无论哪里等。例如：

　　I didn't get the job though I tried all my best.

　　尽管我使出浑身解数也没有得到那份工作。

　　Even if I failed this exam, I will not give up my English studying.

　　即使我这次考试失败了，我也决不会放弃我的英语学习。

　　No matter how hard it is, I will do my best to do it.

　　不管如何艰难, 我都要尽力去做。

　　Whoever (No matter who) wants to speak to me on the phone, tell them I am out. 不管谁找我接电话，就说我出去了。

　　8)比较状语从句：than 比，as...as... 和……一样等。例如：

　　He has more friends than she (does). 他的朋友比她的多。

　　She runs as fast as a rabbit (does). 她跑得像兔子一样快。

　　He is as tall as his father. 他和他爸爸一样高。

　　9)方式状语从句：as 正如、就像，as...as... 和……一样，as far as 就……而论、据……，as if / though 好像；宛如等。例如：

　　Why didn't you do your homework as I told you to?

　　你怎么不听我的话做你的家庭作业呢？

　　He looks as ill as he sounded on the phone.

　　他的样子和他在电话中说话的声音反映的病情是一样的。

　　They looked at me as if / though I were mad. 他们看着我好像我发疯了似的。

　　As far as I could see, your behavior is unjustifiable.

　　就我看来，你的行为是不合情理的。 28天学会英语语法