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第12天 介词

28天学会英语语法 李文昊 10150 2021-04-06 07:04

  第12天 介词

  12-1 介词的概念

  介词 (preposition)是一种虚词,又称前置词,通常置于名词、代词或相当于名词的结构之前,在句子中不能单独作句子成分,只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语和句中其他成分之间关系。

  12-2 介词的种类和位置

  1. 介词的种类

  按照不同的分类标准介词可分为不同的种类。

  (1)按照词义划分,介词可以分为以下常用的几种类型:

  1)表时间。例如:at, before, behind, between, by, during, for, from, about, after, around, as, in, of, on, since, through, throughout, till (until) , to, towards, within等。

  2)表地点。例如:at, above, behind, below, beneath, beside, by, down, from, in, into, on, over, through, to, under, up, upon等。

  注意:有不少表地点的介词表动向, 除很明显的across, around, near, towards外, 还有among, behind, beneath, between, on, to, under 等。

  3)表原因、目的。例如:from, for, with 等。

  4)表结果。例如:without, to, with 等。

  5)表条件。例如:considering, on, without 等。

  6)表手段、方式。例如:by, with, in 等。

  7)表让步。例如:despite, in spite of 等。

  8)表关于。例如:with regard to, as for, as to, about, concerning, regarding等。

  9)表对于。例如:to, at, with, for, over 等。

  10)表根据。例如:according to, on 等。

  11)表除去。例如:but, except, besides 等。

  12)表比较。例如:as, like, above, over 等。

  13)表反对。例如:against, with 等。

  14)表所属。例如:of, with 等。

  15)表其他。例如:for(赞成), without(没有)等。

  (2)按照其构成结构,介词可分为以下五种类型:

  1)简单介词simple preposition,即单一介词。例如:at, in, of, since等。

  2)复合介词compound preposition,由两个介词组成。例如:as for, as to, into, out of 等。

  3)二重介词double preposition,由两个介词搭配而成,但没有复合介词那样固定。例如:from under, from behind, until after, expect in等。

  4)短语介词phrasal preposition,由短语构成。例如:according to, because of, in spite of, on behalf of, with reference to等。

  5)分词介词participle preposition,由现在分词构成。例如:regarding, concerning, including等。

  2. 介词的位置

  (1)介词通常须放在名词之前,在正式文体中,介词亦可放在疑问词, 关系代词, 连接代词之前。

  With whom did you go? 你同谁一道去?

  This is the book from which I got the story. 这就是我从中读到这个故事的那本书。

  From what I hear, he is a good swimmer. 我听说他是个优秀的游泳运动员。

  (2)在下列情况下,介词常后置(常在全句、分句或从句之末):

  1)介词宾语为疑问词时,介词后置。例如:

  Where do you come from? 你是哪儿人?

  Who are you talking to? 你在跟谁谈话呢?

  2)介词宾语为关系代词或缩合连接代词时,介词可后置。例如:

  Do you remember the book which the teacher referred us to?

  你记得老师叫我们看的那本书吗?

  That's what he is talking about. 那就是他所谈的事。

  3)在间接疑问句和感叹句中介词也可后置。例如:

  I don't know what you are talking about. 我不知道你们在谈什么。(间接疑问句)

  What a jolly mess I am in! 我所处的局面多么糟糕啊!(感叹句)

  4)在其他情况下。例如:

  "There's nothing to be afraid of," mother said. “没有什么可怕的。”妈妈说道。

  It is a fact that here I could not find one garbage can to throw trash in.

  确实,我在这里连一个倒垃圾的垃圾桶都找不到。

  We helped the troupe avoid the kind of trouble it had met with elsewhere.

  我们帮助这个剧团避免了它在别处遇到过的那种麻烦。

  (介词with在此并不位于句末)

  I will try to get it over with as quickly as possible.

  我一定尽快地把它结束。 (to get it over with是一固定说法)

  12-3 介词的用法

  1. 介词的省略

  在现代英语中,介词在某些情况下可省略,呈现出一种省略介词的趋势。

  (1)省去by。

  I sent the letter airmail. 我将此信由航空寄出。 (airmail前省去by)

  I want to go economy. 我要节约。 (economy前省去by)

  (2)省去to。

  The reception accorded the book has been very gratifying.

  这本书受到欢迎是非常可喜的事。 (accorded后省去to)

  (3)省去as。

  I consider him an expert.

  我认为他是一位专家。(him之后省去as, 现在一般认为不应用as)

  (4)省去at。

  What time did you arrive home? 你什么时候到家的?(what前省去at)

  It is hard work keeping the grass green this time of year.

  一年中这个时节保持绿草不枯,要费很大力气。(this time前省去at)

  (5)省去of。

  The Pacific Ocean is so big that it could hold twenty countries the size of the United States.

  太平洋很大,它可以装得下20个美国那样大的国家。(the size前省去of)

  What colour is it? 它是什么颜色?(what前省去of)

  (6)省去from。

  Illness prevented him going. 疾病使他未能去成。(going前省去from)

  (7)省去on。

  The police arrested him on an assault charge the evening of November18.

  警察于11月18日以殴打罪逮捕了他。(the evening前省去on)

  He meant to go hunting.

  他意欲打猎。(hunting前省去on。现今也有语法书认为go是连系动词,hunting是表语)

  (8)省去in。

  I had started a schoolboy diary the same year I entered the Latin School, in 1928.

  我是1928年进入拉丁学校时开始记学生日记的。(the same year前省去in)

  They have recruited few new barbers the past three years.

  在过去3年中,他们很少补充新理发师。(the past three years前省去in)

  有些动名词之前常省去in。例如:

  I have been some time answering this question.

  我想了一些时候才回答这个问题。(answering前省去in)

  He showed his appreciation for her assistance helping him practice English.

  他对她帮他练习英语表示感谢。(helping前省去in)

  (9)在列举一系列名词时,介词可省去,以免重复。

  When you're lying without moving, you suddenly get an itch on the shoulder, the head, the back. 当你躺着一动不动时,你会突然感到肩上、头上、背上一阵搔痒。

  2. 介词与其他词类(名词、动词和形容词)的搭配

  由于英语名词的格的形态变化逐渐减少,因而介词与名词及其他词类的搭配关系也愈加重要。这种搭配,有许多已经变成习惯,需要一一牢记。

  (1)与名词的搭配

  1)与前面的名词搭配。例如:

  attention to 对……注意 contribution to 对……贡献

  devotion to 献身于 objection to 对……反对

  acquaintances with 与……相识 equality with与……平等

  offence against 冒犯…… desire for 对……愿望

  reason for ……的理由 hope for 希望、期待

  love for 对……的热爱 need for 必要

  2)与后面的名词搭配。例如:

  at home 在家 by the door 在门口

  in the city 在城里 in 1921 在1921年

  at three o'clock 在3点钟 on Sunday 在星期日

  (2)与动词的搭配。

  belong to 属于 talk to 同……谈话

  amount to 合计 lead to 导致

  listen to 听 refer to 归于

  object to 反对 rely on 依靠

  account for 说明 · offend against冒犯

  (3)与形容词搭配。

  strict with 对……严格 popular with 受……的欢迎

  sympathetic with 对……同情 afraid of 害怕

  full of 充满 guilty of 有……之过错

  independent of 独立于 averse to 不喜欢

  equal to 与……平等 faithful to 对……忠实

  2. 介词与其他词类(名词、动词和形容词)的搭配

  介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语 (prepositional phrase)。介词短语在句中可作很多成分。

  3.介词短语及其作用

  (1)主语:

  Most of the students went to the classroom. 大部分学生去了教室。

  From my home to office is a twenty minutes' walk. 从我家到办公室要走20分钟。

  (2)宾语:

  I'll give you until tomorrow. 我给你限期到明天。

  The eight thieves served a sentence of between 2 and 7 years.

  8个盗窃犯分别服刑2到7年。

  (3)补语:

  As a scientist, he was dedicated to the truth.

  作为一个科学家,他献身于追求真理。(主语补语)

  They found themselves in a dark wood.

  他们不知不觉地走入一片黑沉沉的树林。(宾语补语)

  (4)表语:

  She looks like a scientist. 她看上去像个科学家。

  We are from China. 我们来自中国。

  (5)定语:

  The end of colonialism is now a question of time.

  殖民主义的结束现在已是一个时间问题了。

  A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

  (6)状语:

  We play basketball on the sports ground. 我们在操场上打篮球。

  In spite of all my efforts, I failed the exam. 尽管我很努力,还是没有通过考试。

  No living thing scan live without water. 生物离开水都无法生存。

  To a great extent, it is not fair. 在很大程度上,这是不公平的。

  Not withstanding the bad weather, the ship arrived on schedule.

  尽管天气不好,该船仍按时抵达。 28天学会英语语法

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