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第5天 动词的语态

28天学会英语语法 李文昊 7044 2021-04-06 07:04

  第5天 动词的语态

  5-1 语态的构成

  1. 在英语中语态属于语法范畴

  语态是动词的一种形式,用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态:主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

  Yesterday, I parked my car outside the school.

  昨天我把我的汽车停在学校外边了。(主动语态)

  A sound of piano is heard in the adjoining room.

  听到邻居房间里有钢琴声。(被动语态)

  2. 被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成

  如果有必要强调动作的执行者,则可用介词by引出的短语表示出动作的执行者。助动词be随主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。被动语态常可用于各种时态,但比较常见的有十种。

  十种常见时态的主、被动语态:

  (1)一般现在时。

  主动语态:do

  被动语态:am / is / are done

  Our school doesn't teach Japanese. 我们学校不教日语。

  Japanese is not taught in our school. 我们学校不教日语。

  (2)一般过去时。

  主动语态:did

  被动语态:was / were done

  My son broke the window. 我儿子打烂了窗户。

  The window was broken by my son. 窗户是我儿子打烂的。

  (3)一般将来时。

  主动语态:will / shall do

  被动语态:will / shall be done

  Our school will hold sports meeting next week. 我们学校下星期举行运动会。

  The school sports meeting will be held next week. 校运动会将在下星期举行。

  (4)一般过去将来时。

  主动语态:would do

  被动语态:would be done

  It's said that the government would build a new trade center in this city.

  据说,政府将在本市建立一个新的贸易中心。

  It's said that a new trade center would be built in this city.

  据说,一个新的贸易中心将在本市建立起来。

  (5)现在进行时。

  主动语态:am / is / are doing

  被动语态:am / is / are being done

  They are building a hospital in the centre of the town. 他们正在市中心兴建医院。

  A hospital is being built in the centre of the town. 市中心正在兴建一家医院。

  (6)过去进行时。

  主动语态:was / were doing

  被动语态:was / were being done

  They were discussing the teaching plan at that time.

  那时候他们正在讨论教学计划。

  The teaching plan was being discussed at that time. 那时正在讨论教学计划。

  (7)现在完成时。

  主动语态:has / have done

  被动语态:has / have been done

  The classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it.

  教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫了。

  The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned.

  教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫了。

  (8)过去完成时。

  主动语态:had done

  被动语态:had been done

  She had not finished her homework when I got home.

  我到家的时候,她还没有完成她的家庭作业。

  Her homework had not been finished when I got home.

  我到家的时候,她的作业还没有完成。

  (9)将来完成时。

  主动语态:will / shall have done

  被动语态:will / shall have been done

  They will have completed the expressway by the end of the next month.

  他们将会在下个月底建成这条高速公路。

  The expressways will have been completed by the end of the next month.

  这条高速公路将于下个月底建成。

  (10)过去将来完成时。

  主动语态:would have done

  被动语态:would have been done

  They said they would have finished this project by the end of this year.

  他们说他们将于今年年底完成这项工程。

  They said the project would have been finished by the end of this year.

  他们说这项工作将于今年年底完成。

  5-2 被动语态的用法

  英语中,大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是,被动语态也有其特殊的用途,它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使用被动语态:

  1. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者

  My son said the glass was broken. 我儿子说玻璃碎了。

  How is this word pronounced? 这个单词怎么发音?

  2. 强调动作的承受者

  If you break the school rules, you will be punished.

  如果你违反校规,你将受到惩罚。(强调you)

  A new Hope School will be opened in our village.

  我们村将开办一所新的希望学校。(强调a new Hope School)

  3. 动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物

  The bridge was washed away by the flood. 桥被洪水冲走了。

  4. 修辞的需要,为了使句子更加简练、匀称

  The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received.

  这位老教授做了一个有关美国历史的讲座,受到了大家的热烈欢迎。

  5. 为了表示委婉或礼貌,避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己

  You've been told many times not to make the same mistake.

  你已被多次告知不要犯同样的错误。

  Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下规定。

  6. 有些动词习惯上常用被动语态

  The mountain is surrounded by water. 这座山被水环绕。

  7. 被动语态中常用的介词

  (1)by表示动作的执行者或施加者。

  By whom is the book written? 这本书是谁写的?

  (2)with表示用某种工具。

  In China, noodles are eaten with chopsticks and soup with a spoon.

  在中国,用筷子吃面条,用勺子喝汤。

  (3)from表示源于某种物质(看不出原材料)。

  Flour is made from wheat. 面粉是由小麦制成的。

  (4)of表示用某种材料制成(看得出原材料)。

  The table is made of wood. 这张桌子是用木头做的。

  (5)其他介词。

  You are wanted on the phone. 有电话找你。

  He is known to everybody. 大家都认识他。

  8. “get + 过去分词”结构的被动语态

  被动语态除常用“be + 过去分词”结构外,还可用“get + 过去分词”结构。这种结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性的,出乎意料的偶然事件;而且多用在口语中,其后的动作执行者(即by短语)一般不表示出来。例如:

  The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 这个男孩在下班回家的路上受伤了。

  Finally his bike got repaired. 最后他的自行车得到了修理。 28天学会英语语法

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